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Architecture-centric Use-case Driven Iterative/Increment/Evolutionary Risk Driven Why is it important to define a stable architecture early? Makes it possible to evolve the system Easier to maintain May help portability What are key features of a software architecture? Computation components Interfaces of components Interactions among components What s the answer to life, the universe, & everything? 425PRP;POP2PNP7PP5R;O2N7  :/Outlinex Quiz When Last We Met& Process Overview Process by Example(= System Analysis Process Overview!!( Outlinex Quiz When Last We Met& Process Overview Process by Example =*" System Analysis Process Overview!!(KSub-activities not order i.e. can start anywhere Why not? Iterative ProcessP d d +%8Define Analyze Classes  LCOPurpose: Developing understanding of key concepts in this build Inputs: Proposed System Revised? Proposed Entity Model Artifacts: Component Model (part) Enterprise Classification Model Draft Logical Classification Model Z7ZZZ ZZ ZZZ 7     Z  /)tDefine Analyze Classes  LCO Guide to Creating Class Model;;(Create draft Enterprise Classification Model Create diagram(s) that shows prelimary Classes Relations Associations Dependencies? Generalizations Create Tracing Diagram (recommended) Shows relation of Analysis actors to Proposed actors e.g. if use different names Analysis classes to entities in proposed system Warning: don t get carried away defining class-Z(ZZ+Z%ZZ#ZZ0Z/0Zd-(+  %#0.    ,4  -'tDefine Analyze Classes  LCO Guide to Creating Class Model;;(TFirst-cut class identification Define how entity in Proposed Entity Model will be represented Often 1 class per entity Stereotype <<entity>> Define attributes for class based on attributes of entities If state of some instances need to be maintained between execution Set Persistence property to True For each actor in context Create a class that either Manages Monitors Acts for Represents Is Interface We ll stereotype laterP?PP!PPP2PP?!  2.(Define Analyze Classes  LCO Guide to Creating Class Model (cont.) C(&(/First-cut class identification (cont.) For each window/screen/form in user interface Create a class Stereotype <> Review use-case description for nouns Determine whether describes class or object If object determine its class If classes found that are not in model Add it Determine stereotype'.'&,''.'&,  ',&Define Analyze Classes  LCO Guide to Creating Class Model (cont.) C(&(First-cut class identification (cont.) Create class to coordinate work of use-case If logic is not particularly related to user interface issues (boundary objects) data engineering issues (entity objects) Stereotype <>p',)R','R3,Define Analyze Classes  LCO Guide to Creating Class Model (cont.) C(&(Identify preliminary relations Associations Relations between concepts that indicates some Meaningful connection Interesting connection Associations worth noting & including on Conceptual Model Imply knowledge of relationship that needs to be preserved Derived from Common Associations list Compelling or useful in context of requirements High priority associations Invariably useful in conceptual model A is physically or logical part of B A is physically or logically contained in/on B A is recorded in B Named based on Matching the pattern  Class Name  Verb Phrase  Class Name Creating readable & meaningful sequence in model context P P/P-P:PPP&PgPPwP /-:    &gw=2Define Analyze Classes  LCO Guide to Creating Class Model (cont.) C(&(*Identify preliminary relations (cont.) Dependencies Knowledge of other class required, but no permanent association Hint: think of classes of parameters or temporary objects need in an operation Generalizations From special class to general class Repeat: don t get carried away' @O$ d' @O $0*Define Analyze Classes  LCO Enterprise Classification Model for Full-Text Title Database System*a $D <1Define Analyze Classes  LCO Business-Analysis Class Mapping for Full-Text Title Database System6a $C (>32Refine Architecture  LCObPurpose: Define candidate architecture for system Based on experience gained from similar systems or in similar problem domains Identify Components Understand Hardware execution environment Allocation of components to hardware Inputs: Proposed System Proposed Entity Model Behavior Model Architectural Patterns L.O.S Requirements Evolution Requirements P)POP PDPPvP )O D  v@5FRefine Architecture  LCO Artifacts$$(.Component Model Identify component classes Assign classes to components Identify dependencies between components System Topology Identify layers Assign components to layers System Deployment Model Identify node classes & connections Describe configuration of nodes Allocate component instances to nodesPaPP,PPjPa,j  ?4~Refine Architecture  LCO Considerations for E-Business Systems @(&(Existing network logical & physical design Existing databases & database design Existing Web environment Servers, firewalls etc. Existing server environment Configuration, software versions, planned upgrades Existing standards Network, naming, protocols etc.kZZZ3ZZ Zk3 B7RRefine Architecture  LCO Component Model**(Start with Proposed System Block Diagram Did you identify parts of the system? Likely components Common components Clients Servers Databases Filters Identify dependencies)Z&ZZZ"ZZ)& "  C8bRefine Architecture  LCO Component Model (cont.)22(Look for Components Loci of computation & state Modular, deployable, & replaceable part of system i.e. can be independently Ordered, configured, or delivered Developed, as long as the interfaces remain unchanged Deployed across a set of distributed computational nodes Changed without breaking other parts of the systems Units which can provide restricted security over key resources Existing products or external systems in designlNpN  pI>bRefine Architecture  LCO Component Model (cont.)22(Hints from Enterprise Classification Model Look for optional groups i.e. group of classes that represent optional behavior Enclose in subsystem Features which may be removed, upgraded, or replaced with alternatives should be considered independenth+7 2 2h 2+7hJ?bRefine Architecture  LCO Component Model (cont.)22(Hints from Enterprise Classification Model (cont.) Look to user interface If relatively independent of entity classes i.e. interfaces & entities can & will change independently Create components which are horizontally integrated Component(s) for related user interface boundary classes Component(s) for related entity classes If tightly coupled with entity classes i.e. change in one triggers a change in other Create components which are vertically integrated Component(s) for related boundary & entity classes3P0P2,0P2;0P240P2b0P2'0P2.0P220P230P23,;  4  b'.23> /  (H=bRefine Architecture  LCO Component Model (cont.)22(Hints from Enterprise Classification Model (cont.) Look to Actors Separate functionality used by two different actors Each actor may independently change their requirements Look for coupling & cohesion between classes i.e. highly coupled or cohesive classes collaborate to provide some set of services Organize highly coupled classes into component Separating classes along lines of weak coupling May be able to eliminate weak coupling by splitting classes into smaller classes with more cohesive responsibilities3Z0Z2k0Z2-0Z2T0Z2_0Z2u0Z23k-T  _  u  LAbRefine Architecture  LCO Component Model (cont.)22(QHints from Enterprise Classification Model (cont.) Look at substitution If there are several levels of service specified for a particular capability i.e. high, medium and low availability Represent each service level as separate subsystem Each of which will realize the same set of interfaces Subsystems are substitutable for one another3Z0Z2M0Z2'0Z2i0Z2-0Z23M'  i-K@bRefine Architecture  LCO Component Model (cont.)22(Hints from Enterprise Classification Model (cont.) Look at distribution Multiple instances of particular component can execut on different nodes Single instance of component can t be split across nodes If component behavior must be split across nodes Decompose component into smaller components with more restricted functionality Create component for functionality that must reside on each nodel3OA3O  AwA6bRefine Architecture  LCO Component Model (cont.)22( Base on past experiences General Buschman, F., R. Meunier, et al. (1996). A System of Patterns: Pattern-oriented System Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fowler, M. (1997). Analysis Patterns: Reusable Object Models. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Shaw, M. and D. Garlan (1996). Software Architecture: Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline. Prentice-Hall Inc. Szyperski, C. (1997). Component Software: Beyond Object-Oriented Programming. ACM Press Books. Domain-specific books & Papers Technology-specific During designPP}P+0PF30PFP):  )  >  =  +  6    3    P! [ D9Refine Architecture  LCO Component Model For Full-text Title Database SystemN4 Database component from System Block Diagram Decisions Client-Server Model Use DBMS Note: Database & DBMS are often deferred until later in developmentB7PPDP7DF<lRefine Architecture  LCO Assign Classes To Components77(Create preliminary Logical Class Model for each component Allocate each class in Enterprise Model to component Consider hints for identifying components from classes&o7o7MBRefine Architecture  LCO Logical Class Model For Library_User Component I(/$2  NDRefine Architecture  LCO Logical Class Model For System_Administrator Component Q(7$2 OERefine Architecture  LCO Logical Class Model For Server::Database Component M(3(2 PFRefine Architecture  LCO Enterprise Classification Model for Full-Text Title Database System  Updated:h(D C  UKRRefine Architecture  LCO System Topology**(Goal Easier maintenance How it works Layering represents an ordered grouping of components Number & composition of layers depends on complexity of Problem domain Solution space Communication typically restricted Component in layer can only request services in same or immediate lower layer Some approaches allow Component to call services in any lower layer Harder to maintain Call-backs  n #d.  n #  d. QG~Refine Architecture  LCO System Topology  Layering Guidelines @(&('Number of layers Small systems ~3 Large systems 5-7 Visibility Who can call whom Volatility Components implementing Most volatile requirements at top Typically user/application-specific requirements Least volatile requirements at bottom Typically platform-specific Hardware Language OS Database#  "1&  #    "1 &  <Generality By functionality Higher-level functionality at top By concept More abstract model toward bottom More implementation specific toward top Interface-to-Entity Interface-oriented at top Representation-oriented at bottom Application-to-Hardware Application software at top Hardware-specific software at bottom  " J<AP " J  <  ARHzRefine Architecture  LCO System Topology  Common Topologies >($(d3-layer Application Business Software System 4-layer Application Business Middleware Software SystemT%0%0 5-layer Application Business Services Business Objects Middleware Software System Model-View-Controller Interface Controller Model Persistence (optional) jJ2J2SIRefine Architecture  LCO System Topology for Full-Text Title Database System N(4 Currently only have few classes But We ve just started Planning for evolution.$P*P$*G;Refine Architecture  LCO System Topology for Full-Text Title Database System N(4 8Nothing in other layers yet& &TJbRefine Architecture  LCO System Deployment Model22(Goal Understand Execution environment Distribution of software components across environment Model describes Classification of hardware  node classes Classification of connections Configuration(s) of node instances Allocation of component instances to nodes Ml M  l?XMRefine Architecture  LCO Node Classes for Full-Text Title Database System K(1 YNRefine Architecture  LCO Node Configuration for Full-Text Title Database System Q(7 ZORefine Architecture  LCO Component Configuration for /Administrator : Workstation S(9 [PRefine Architecture  LCO Component Configuration for / User Station : Workstation S(9 \Q"System Analysis What Have We Done?##(aDeveloped a preliminary Architecture model for our system Behavior Model of system Classes model&II^S%System Analysis What Have Left To Do?&&(dIntegrate models Will set of classes & components implement behavior? 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ړ֮wh+vru%7En{;y9#9}fm.t.tj2'@)Ncňl=u_ըP4xMv--'-- @ !# \|--'-- @ !" >--'}-- @ !" --'-- @ !" ]--'-- @ !#--'-- @ !# >--'@Arial-. 2 i 10/16/2001."Systemi-@"Arial Black-.  2 i1.-@Arial-. $2 System Analysis IIIw      .-@Arial-. 2 CS577a.-@Arial-. 2 Fall 2001 .-@Arial-. 2  Ed Colbert   .-@Arial-. +2 %USC Center for Software       .-@Arial-. 2 A Engineering   .-՜.+,0     % On-screen ShowUSCz0; 6ArialTimes New Roman Wingdings Arial Black Arial NarrowPixel&System Analysis III CS577a Fall 2001Goal of PresentationOutlineOutlineQuizOutline!System Analysis Process OverviewOutline!System Analysis Process OverviewDefine Analyze Classes LCO;Define Analyze Classes LCO Guide to Creating Class Model;Define Analyze Classes LCO Guide to Creating Class ModelCDefine Analyze Classes LCO Guide to Creating Class Model (cont.)CDefine Analyze Classes LCO Guide to Creating Class Model (cont.)CDefine Analyze Classes LCO Guide to Creating Class Model (cont.)CDefine Analyze Classes LCO Guide to Creating Class Model (cont.)aDefine Analyze Classes LCO Enterprise Classification Model for Full-Text Title Database SystemaDefine Analyze Classes LCO Business-Analysis Class Mapping for Full-Text Title Database SystemRefine Architecture LCO$Refine Architecture LCO Artifacts@Refine Architecture LCO Considerations for E-Business Systems*Refine Architecture LCO Component Model2Refine Architecture LCO Component Model (cont.)2Refine Architecture LCO Component Model (cont.)2Refine Architecture LCO Component Model (cont.)2Refine Architecture LCO Component Model (cont.)2Refine Architecture LCO Component Model (cont.)2Refine Architecture LCO Component Model (cont.)2Refine Architecture LCO Component Model (cont.)NRefine Architecture LCO Component Model For Full-text Title Database System7Refine Architecture LCO Assign Classes To ComponentsIRefine Architecture LCO Logical Class Model For Library_User ComponentQRefine Architecture LCO Logical Class Model For System_Administrator ComponentMRefine Architecture LCO Logical Class Model For Server::Database ComponenthRefine Architecture LCO Enterprise Classification Model for Full-Text Title Database System Updated*Refine Architecture LCO System Topology@Refine Architecture LCO System Topology Layering Guidelines>Refine Architecture LCO System Topology Common TopologiesNRefine Architecture LCO System Topology for Full-Text Title Database SystemNRefine Architecture LCO System Topology for Full-Text Title Database System2Refine Architecture LCO System Deployment ModelKRefine Architecture LCO Node Classes for Full-Text Title Database SystemQRefine Architecture LCO Node Configuration for Full-Text Title Database SystemSRefine Architecture LCO Component Configuration for /Administrator : WorkstationSRefine Architecture LCO Component Configuration for / User Station : Workstation#System Analysis What Have We Done?&System Analysis What Have Left To Do?System Analysis Conclusions  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles0&_|[Edward ColbertEdward Colbert  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFHIJKLMNOPRSTUVWXZ[\]^_`eRoot EntrydO)Pictures1Current UserYSummaryInformation(GPowerPoint Document([DocumentSummaryInformation8Q